The Healthy China Initiative constitutes a core component of China's modernization agenda, and its advancement increasingly relies on digital intelligence – driven approaches. As key institutional platforms for translating the Healthy China strategy into evidence generation and scientific innovation, universities and research institutes play a pivotal role in conducting academic research that supports the digital-intelligence – enabled development of Healthy China. The Expert Consensus on Digital Intelligence – Driven Academic Research for Healthy China (2025) was led by the Health Reform and Development Center / Health and Reform Policy Laboratory, at Renmin University of China, jointly developed with member institutions of the Healthy China Scientific Research Alliance, and technically supported by the Committee of Proactive Health for Standardization. The consensus was formulated through a rigorous, scientific process involving multiple experts from relevant fields in China. It presents nine consensus statements across three domains – significance, principles, and priority areas of digital intelligence – driven research for Healthy China – and proposes four action strategies to facilitate implementation.

Objective To analyze the influencing factors of hospitalization costs and medical insurance surplus costs for pneumonia patients under the Diagnosis-Intervention Packet (DIP) payment model, and to provide references for optimizing health insurance policies, rationally allocating medical resources, and improving the quality of medical services. Methods Basic information of 1,381 pneumonia patients from the sample hospital in 2023 was collected. A random forest model was used to explore the factors influencing hospitalization costs and medical insurance surplus costs. The predictive accuracy of the model was evaluated using four indicators: coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error, mean absolute error, and mean absolute percentage error. Results The prediction model constructed in this study demonstrated good fitting capability and accuracy. Case Mix Index (CMI), length of hospital stay, and age were the key factors affecting the total hospitalization costs of pneumonia patients, while the admitting department was an important factor affecting the medical insurance surplus cost. Conclusion It is necessary to promote refined management in hospitals and departments, optimize the separate negotiation mechanism for special cases, to better leverage the role of health insurance payment methods in promoting the optimal allocation of medical resources and improving the quality of medical services.

Objective To construct a hospital quality management platform and system based on digital and intelligent technologies and to evaluate its practical outcomes, thereby providing a reference for the development of hospital quality management. Methods A digital medical administration management system, a clinical trial project management system, and a medical record information management system were established. Corresponding quality management and control systems were built based on each platform. Innovative quality management models and implementation pathways were developed, forming a systematic medical data quality management system for the hospital. Results Following the implementation of digital medical administration management, the compliance rates of key medical quality indicators—including surgical checklist compliance, preoperative discussion compliance, critical value response compliance, and consultation compliance—improved significantly compared to pre-implementation levels(P<0.05). After the implementation of digital clinical trial project management, the first- and second-tier quality control rates and the third-tier quality control rectification rate for clinical trial projects showed significant improvements (P<0.05). Following the implementation of digital medical record information management, the medical record quality control rate, the rate of medical record homepage completion within 24 hours, the qualified rate of medical record homepages, and the proportion of Grade A medical records all increased significantly compared to pre-implementation levels (P<0.05). Conclusion The construction of digital and intelligent- driven hospital platforms and systems optimizes key indicators of medical quality, enhances the efficiency of clinical trial quality management, and improves the standardization and efficiency of medical record management, thereby comprehensively promoting the high-quality development of hospital medical quality management.

Objective To explore the influence of self-medication on the health status of middle-aged and elderly people, and to provide reference for promoting the health of middle-aged and elderly people. Methods Data were collected from the China Health and Retirement Follow-up Survey (CHARLS), and 5,283 subjects were included after data cleaning. With self-medication as the independent variable, the frailty index was constructed to form the dependent variable, and the relationship between the two was discussed by multiple logistic regression, and the reverse causality was tested by two-stage least square method. Results Self-medication had a significant positive effect on frailty of middle-aged and elderly people (P<0.001), age and residence of control variables had a significant positive effect on frailty of middle-aged and elderly people (P<0.001), education level and pension insurance had a significant negative effect on frailty of middle-aged and elderly people (P<0.001); The results are still robust after the two-stage least square test. Conclusion To enhance the health of middle-aged and elderly people, it is necessary to carry out popular science activities on drug knowledge, and improve their self-awareness of drug therapy based on the characteristics of different middle-aged and elderly people. At the same time, it is advocated that middle-aged and elderly people use drugs rationally and avoid drug abuse, so as to improve the healthy medication level of the elderly group.

Objective Under the national policy framework, this study aims to explore integrated governance pathways to address fragmentation in managing restricted medical technologies—caused by disparities in provincial catalogs and procedures, varying hospital levels, and inconsistent quality control measures—to enhance management efficiency. Methods Based on policy texts including the 2018 "Regulations on the Clinical Application of Medical Technologies", we employed multi-case comparison and policy text analysis to examine differences in catalog formulation, filing procedures, and quality control mechanisms across representative provinces. Results The current management system faces three main dilemmas: Insufficient policy coordination among national, provincial, and hospital levels leads to inconsistent management standards. A disconnect between online and offline approval processes creates a "digital divide". A fractured quality control chain across pre-event, in-process, and post-event stages results in disjointed oversight. Conclusion An integrated governance framework centered on a national information platform should be constructed through enhanced policy coordination, process standardization, and data-driven supervision. This framework would enable whole-process, homogeneous, and refined management of restricted medical technologies.

Objective To explore the implementation pathways of digital inclusion in smart healthcare services, aiming to resolve inequality issues among different groups during healthcare digitalization. Methods Using the literature research method, this study analyzed the development of smart healthcare services in China, identified current challenges in achieving digital inclusion, and proposed governance countermeasures. Results Four types of divides-access divide, utilization divide, psychological divide, and data divide-constitute the core barriers to digital inclusion in smart healthcare services. Accordingly, a four-dimensional governance pathway was constructed: environmental inclusion, technological inclusion, social inclusion, and data inclusion. Conclusion Through diversified measures such as improving top-level institutional design and regulations in healthcare, strengthening infrastructure development and regional collaboration, and enhancing nationwide digital literacy and skills training, the digital divide in smart healthcare can be bridged, ensuring all groups share the benefits of healthcare digitalization.

Objective To strengthen the management of the initiation process for investigator-initiated trial (IIT), explore and establish a hospital-based IIT project initiation management system, and improve the scientific rigor and standardization of IIT projects. Methods In accordance with the Management Measures for Clinical Research Initiated by Investigators in Healthcare Institutions issued by the National Health Commission, and considering the current status of IIT management in the hospital, the IIT project initiation management process was clarified, relevant management systems and standard operating procedure (SOP) were formulated, and a flexible, efficient, and scalable hospital-based IIT project initiation management system was built based on a modular information architecture. Results The hospital-based IIT initiation management system and expert review system were successfully launched, with integration into the hospital's single sign-on system and short message service (SMS) platform. The supporting SOPs were also established. During the 26 months of system operation, the system has supported the initiation of more than 1,000 IIT projects and more than 2,000 online expert reviews, reducing the average initiation cycle to 2 weeks. Conclusion The established project initiation management scheme and system have significantly improved the efficiency of IIT project initiation, enhanced the management quality of IIT projects, and promoted the standardized development of IIT projects and the improvement of research quality.

With the deepening reform of China's medical security system, prepayment methods represented by Diagnosis- Related Groups (DRG) and Diagnosis-Intervention Packet (DIP) have gradually replaced the traditional Fee-for-Service (FFS) payment method, promoting the transformation of public hospitals from "revenue centers" to "cost centers". In this context, the cost management of public hospitals has exposed core problems such as extensive accounting systems, outdated control models, misplaced performance appraisals, and lagging information systems, which restrict their ability to adapt to reforms. Based on the analysis of the impact of the reform on hospital cost management, the study proposes refined management strategies such as reconstructing a disease-oriented cost accounting system, building an intelligent information platform integrating business and finance, innovating a performance evaluation mechanism oriented to value-based healthcare, and improving organizational and cultural cultivation with full staff collaboration. It provides a practical path for public hospitals to relieve cost pressure and optimize resource allocation, helps them realize the transformation from scale expansion to connotative high-quality development, and ultimately improves the efficiency of medical insurance fund use and the value of medical services.

Objective To construct an intelligent prevention and control system for venous thromboembolism (VTE), improve the standardized prevention and treatment of VTE in hospitals, and achieve medical quality and safety goals. Methods An intelligent VTE prevention and control system was developed and interfaced with the Hospital Information System (HIS). The system automatically captured data from clinical wards, including information on medical staff, patients, medical orders, and surgical records. Data on VTE prevention and control for hospitalized patients from 2023 to 2024 were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate the system's effectiveness. Results The implementation of the intelligent VTE prevention and control system enabled systematic VTE screening, achieving procedural, intelligent, and standardized prevention and control, and established a comprehensive management system. Compared with 2023, the hospital's VTE prevention and control process indicators in 2024 showed a clear trend of improvement, with a significant increase in the VTE detection rate. Conclusion The intelligent VTE prevention and control system enables intelligent and homogeneous VTE assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. This contributes to enhancing medical service efficiency, improves the level of comprehensive prevention and control, and helps achieve medical quality and safety goals.

Objective To explore the development pathways of public management disciplines in medical universities under the context of new liberal arts construction, utilizing the PEST-SWOT model. Methods The study examines 85 public medical universities in China, investigating undergraduate programs in public administration, master's degree offerings in public management, and the development of master's programs in public management. The internal and external environments of the discipline are analyzed through the PEST-SWOT framework. Results Internal environment analysis reveals that medical universities possess unique advantages in discipline system construction and curriculum development but face challenges such as lack of targeted and distinctive features, underdeveloped secondary disciplines, and insufficient integration of theory and practice. External environment analysis indicates that public management disciplines in medical universities encounter both opportunities and threats across political, economic, social, and technological dimensions. Conclusion It is essential to accelerate the distinctive development of public management disciplines in medical universities, harnessing crises as opportunities for innovation and promoting integrated growth of the discipline.

Objective To analyze the outcomes of day surgery at our hospital under the guidance of high-quality development and to explore ways to optimize its management model. Methods The development of day surgery in our hospital was divided into three phases: initial exploration, rapid development, and quality and efficiency enhancement. We compared the effectiveness of the management model across these phases, focusing on performance monitoring, operations, and quality and safety. Results During the initial exploration and rapid development phases, the proportion of day surgeries among elective surgeries increased markedly and showed a high linear correlation with both the proportion of Grade IV surgeries among discharged patients and the average hospital length of stay. In the quality and efficiency enhancement phase, the proportion of Grade III and IV surgeries within day surgeries increased significantly, while the preoperative waiting time for elective surgeries and the hospitalization costs decreased markedly. However, the day surgery cancellation rate remained high, and the 24-hour discharge rate was low. Conclusion The development of day surgery requires the application of information technology to enhance refined management and necessitates policy support from superior authorities to promote its sound and sustainable development.

Objective To analyze the implementation status, influencing factors, and profit / loss outcomes of a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)-specific medical insurance payment model in a TCM hospital, and provide a basis for exploring and optimizing such models. Methods We retrospectively analyzed data from 10,711 patients with TCM-specific diseases at a TCM hospital in Zhongshan City from June 2021 to June 2024. Cases were included from both the TCM-specific disease payment model and the Diagnosis-Intervention Packet (DIP) payment model. Collected indicators included total hospitalization cost, medical insurance settlement amount, hospital surplus (profit / loss), length of stay, patient out-of-pocket expenses, cost structure (including the proportion of TCM medication costs and TCM treatment costs), and types of TCM therapeutic items. Statistical analyses comprised frequency analysis for categorical variables, entropy weight analysis for cost indicators, and forecasting of total costs and profit / loss trends using a seasonal ARIMA model. Results Compared to the period before policy implementation, the average length of stay (decreasing from 9.16 days to 8.67 days) and the average total cost (decreasing from CNY 9,158.64 to CNY 8,389.64) showed significant reductions (both P<0.05). Entropy weight analysis indicated a low weight for TCM treatment fees (1.170 %), suggesting a need to increase the pricing standards for TCM diagnosis and treatment and to incorporate more syndrome differentiation-based treatment items. Profit / loss forecasting revealed a downward trend in total medical insurance costs after policy implementation, accompanied by reduced patient expenditures and increased profitability for the medical institution. Conclusion Facilitated by the tripartite collaboration mechanism (involving medical insurance, healthcare, and pharmaceutical supply), the TCM-specific medical insurance payment model achieved a balance between social and economic benefits. This policy demonstrates a win-win outcome for multiple stakeholders, helping to fully leverage the unique advantages of TCM-being simple, convenient, economical, and effective-and ultimately benefiting the public.

Objective To explore a comprehensive evaluation method for clinical departments based on Diagnosis-related groups (DRG) indicator data, aiming to provide data support for the refined management of clinical departments in public hospitals. Methods Based on DRG-related data, eight indicators were selected: number of discharged patients, number of distinct inpatient diagnoses, number of distinct inpatient procedures, Case Mix Index (CMI), number of DRG groups, time consumption index, cost consumption index, and low-risk mortality rate. A multiplicative model was employed to calculate a composite score across two dimensions: workload volume and service quality, thereby evaluating the clinical departments. Results The hospital-wide composite score increased from 113.75 in 2022 to 118.84 in 2024. The average departmental composite score increased from 1.24±0.69 in 2022 to 1.35±0.80 in 2024, with a statistically significant difference (P=0.022). Conclusion Provided that data quality is assured, utilizing DRG-related indicators for conducting a comprehensive evaluation of clinical departments and applying the results to group-based departmental management can achieve unified evaluation criteria and objective outcomes. This provides a feasible pathway for hospitals to implement refined management and effectively promotes their high-quality development.

Objective To construct a multi-level evaluation system centered on medical quality, patient service, and operational efficiency through the application of Quality Function Deployment (QFD) model, and to improve the management level of day surgery in our hospital. Methods Based on the day surgery data from July 2022 to December 2023 in our hospital, we conducted a needs mining analysis from the three roles of patients, doctors, and hospital managers using methods such as questionnaire surveys, field interviews, case Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRG) analysis, and a combination of qualitative and quantitative evaluations. Using the KANO model, we completed the analysis of quality level improvement. Subsequently, quality characteristics will be developed, optimization measures will be formulated, improvement measures will be determined, an indicator system and improvement strategy group will be established, and a standard operating procedure will be formed. Results Our hospital successfully established an evaluation system for day surgeries, with 15 out of 17 improvement indicators reaching their target values. The number and proportion of day surgeries increased, the average preoperative waiting time decreased, and the average cost per day illness group decreased significantly. Conclusion The QFD model can effectively improve hospital medical safety, diagnosis and treatment efficiency, and patient satisfaction in day surgery management, and has promotional value.

Objective Construct a set of scientific and reasonable evaluation system, comprehensively assess the development of Chinese medicine across Jiangxi province, and promote the high-quality development of Chinese medicine business and industry. Methods Combining the focus group interviews to construct the indicator framework and indicator pool, screening the indicators, determining the weights and scoring methods through expert evaluation and statistical analysis methods, and combining the quality evaluation method to test the reliability and effectiveness of the indicator system. Results An evaluation system covering 6 first-level indicators, 17 second-level indicators, 61 municipal third-level indicators and 52 county third-level indicators was formed. On this basis, the Jiangxi TCM development index was constructed, including the municipal TCM development index composed of static sub- indexes and balanced sub-indexes, and the county-level TCM development index formed by the comprehensive evaluation of county- level evaluation indexes, from which five sub-indexes were derived, namely, service, industry, science and technology, culture and governance. Conclusion The index system of TCM development in Jiangxi province is systematic, scientific and of strong application value, which can provide an objective and quantitative basis for policy formulation, regional comparison and development decision- making.In the future, the index structure should be further optimised, data governance should be strengthened, the algorithm mechanism should be optimised, and the index dimensions should be expanded, so as to comprehensively improve the applicability and explanatory power of the evaluation system.

Amid low fertility rates and the deepening of healthcare reform, maternal and child health institutions face multiple challenges such as shrinking service demand, underutilized resources, and intensified external competition. This study takes Yangzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital as a case study, retrospectively analyzing the operational dilemmas it faced from January to August 2025 due to declining fertility demand, internal resource misallocation, and policy pressures. Pathways for enhancing operational management capabilities are proposed from multiple dimensions, including optimizing the internal management structure, building external collaborative systems, strengthening discipline development, promoting technological innovation, scientific research guidance, expanding services, and extending childcare services. These measures aim to increase medical service revenue while simultaneously improving healthcare quality and efficiency. Applying synergy theory to operational management practice, this study explores pathways for healthcare resource integration from three synergistic dimensions: policy, fiscal, and resource synergy, to provide novel management insights and research perspectives for similar institutions.

Objective To apply the core framework of the Kaiser model, optimize the indicator system based on the characteristics of dental hospitals, conduct a hazard vulnerability analysis (HVA), identify high-risk events, and enhance the hospital's emergency management capacity. Methods A tertiary grade A stomatology hospital in Guangxi was selected as the study subject. The initial risk list was constructed through a literature review. The final list was determined using the Delphi method, followed by a questionnaire survey to calculate and rank the relative risk values of events. Results The analysis identified the top 10 high-risk events as follows: healthcare worker occupational exposure; medical disputes/violence against medical staff; medical equipment failure (e.g., dental chair); information system failure; fire; patient safety incidents (e.g., falls, foreign body ingestion/aspiration); elevator malfunction; air conditioning and fresh air system failure; critical material supply shortages; and power failure. Conclusion The adjusted and optimized Kaiser model is more suited to the characteristics of dental hospitals and can provide targeted strategies for their emergency management. It is recommended that dental hospitals regularly conduct risk assessments based on their actual conditions and continuously refine the emergency management system to achieve dynamic and precise emergency management.

The establishment of child-friendly hospitals represents a significant step towards enhancing children's health and well-being. Against this background, taking a children's hospital in Nantong City as an example, this study analyzes the core issues and challenges faced in the construction of child-friendly hospitals, and actively explores the dual-path driven construction of child-friendly hospitals, namely promoting "intensive spatial design" and "refined service optimization" through the integration of functions and process re-engineering. By implementing measures such as age-appropriate renovations, age-specific diagnosis and treatment, and smart services, the medical experience and resource efficiency have been enhanced. It is recommended to further promote the construction of child-friendly hospitals from the levels of government administration, hospitals, and society.

In the context of the "Healthy China" strategy and the robust development of New Quality Productive Forces (NQPF), patent protection for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) faces the dual challenges of traditional knowledge inheritance and innovative transformation. Taking the innovation-driven nature, industrial integration, and global competitiveness orientation of NQPF as entry points, this paper systematically analyzes the current state of the TCM patent protection system in China. The study finds that existing patent examination standards are inadequately adapted to the characteristics of TCM. Specifically, the examination of the"three patentability criteria" (novelty, inventiveness, and practical applicability) fails to fully consider TCM's holistic philosophy and "three patentability criteria" (novelty, inventiveness, and practical applicability) fails to fully consider TCM's holistic philosophy and the features of complex formula compatibility. Additional problems identified include an imbalanced benefit-sharing mechanism, weak capacity for international patent portfolio development, and a lack of influence in the global intellectual property governance system. Consequently, this paper proposes constructing an integrated protection system. This system would encompass the establishment of tailored examination standards, improvement of benefit-sharing mechanisms, enhancement through digital empowerment, and coordination in global patent governance. The proposed measures aim to foster a deeper alignment between the TCM patent protection system and NQPF, thereby laying a solid institutional foundation for the high-quality development of the TCM industry.

Objective Based on the information technology identity theory and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), this study explored the factors influencing the effective use of Internet hospitals among outpatients. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among outpatients from Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine. A total of 224 questionnaires were distributed, with 209 valid responses collected, yielding an effective response rate of 93.3 %. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, willingness to use, and information technology identity were all significant predictors of the effective use of Internet hospitals. However, perceived ease of use did not show a significant effect on information technology identity. The influence of perceived ease of use on effective use was mediated through multiple pathways. Among these, the mediating effects centered on perceived usefulness and willingness to use were more stable and significant. Conclusion To promote the development and application of Internet hospitals, government departments should establish and improve the relevant development systems, laws, and regulations. Medical institutions need to continuously enhance the service capacity and quality of Internet hospitals. System developers should utilize information technology to improve the functionality and development of Internet hospital platforms and always optimize the service experience with a patient-centered approach to increase users' willingness to use.

Objective Develop an application for monitoring standardized management indicators in primary healthcare institutions to enhance the management efficiency for older adults, hypertensive and diabetic patients. Methods Based on operational specifications and requirements, leverage information technology to establish a standardized management indicators model and application for key populations after sorting out the associated information and rules of indicators. Results The monitoring application for standardized management indicators has been developed and deployed across all community health centers and township hospitals in Xiamen. The collection and analysis of the indicators yielded critical insights. For instance, Community A achieved a diabetes standardized management rate of 97.81 % in the first quarter of 2024; Community B achieved a notably high average quarterly standardized management rate of 99.07 % for hypertension throughout 2024; and District D's standardized health management rate for the elderly was 20.84 percentage points lower than that of District C. These outcomes demonstrate that the application has effectively enhanced management efficiency for key populations, including older adults, hypertensive and type 2 diabetic patients. Conclusion The monitoring application for standardized management indicators enables efficient and precise management of key populations, establishing a new model for standardized care, and also provides a scientific and effective metrics for basic public health services administration.

Objective To scientifically evaluate the equity and regional differences in health human resources allocation in Guangdong Province, predict future personnel numbers, and provide evidence for optimizing regional resource allocation and formulating health human resources policies. Methods Based on data from 2000 to 2023, the agglomeration degree and Theil index were used to assess the equity of allocation for in-service health workers, health technicians, and licensed (assistant) physicians. The data were used to establish ARIMA and Holt's exponential smoothing models, respectively. The model with superior accuracy was selected to predict the number of health personnel from 2024 to 2026. Results The total number of health workers in Guangdong Province showed a significant growth trend. However, regional allocation disparities for the three types of health human resources were evident, with inter-city imbalance in resource allocation being the main contributor to overall inequity. Conclusion Differentiated allocation strategies should be formulated, focusing on talent supply and capacity building in underdeveloped areas and establishing a cross-regional talent flow mechanism to narrow regional resource gaps and promote balanced allocation across the province.

Objective Based on the actual situation of public health work in secondary and above mental health specialized hospitals in Shandong province, sort out the public health tasks and construct an evaluation index system to provide a basis for the scientific and homogeneous management of mental health specialty public health in Shandong province. Methods Two rounds of expert letter inquiries were conducted using the Delphi expert consultation method to establish an evaluation index system for public health management of psychiatry in Shandong province, and to clarify the connotation of the indicators and the evaluation methods. Results The authority coefficients of the two rounds of expert consultation were Cr=0.921 and Cr=0.928 respectively. Kendall's W in the first round of expert consultation was 0.700, and Kendall's W in the second round was 0.850 (P all<0.001). The coefficient of variation (CV) of each index was less than 0.25. The constructed evaluation index system for public health management of psychiatry in Shandong province includes 8 first-level indicators, 34 second-level indicators and 61 third-level indicators. Conclusion Scientifically construct an evaluation index system for public health management that conforms to reality, providing a basis for health and wellness administrative departments in optimizing the public health system of mental health specialized hospitals in Shandong province and rationally allocating health resources, thereby improving the level of public health and disease prevention and control in mental health specialized hospitals.

Taking a prefectural-level tertiary general hospital as an example, this study explores how to forge an innovation pathway for scientific and technological advancement in the context of precision medicine. By enhancing top-level design, strengthening talent support, building innovation platforms, as well as implementing precise prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and medication, a virtuous cycle of "technology application—data accumulation—research breakthrough" has been established. This practice promotes the application of precision medicine at the clinical forefront, supports the hospital's high-quality development, and provides a reference for building scientific and technological innovation systems in prefectural-level public hospitals in the new era.

Objective To analyze the efficiency of bed allocation in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) hospitals, and to provide references for TCM hospitals to optimize the efficiency of bed allocation in clinical departments and improve the level of fifine management. Methods A hybrid evaluation model of data envelopment analysis and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (DEA-TOPSIS) was constructed to evaluate the efficiency of bed resource allocation in each department of TCM hospitals. Firstly, the overall changes in bed allocation efficiency of 40 clinical departments in TCM hospitals from 2018 to 2023 were evaluated by the DEA-Malmquist, with clinical departments of DEA-Malmquist index < 1 used as the decision-making unit. Secondly, differences in bed allocation efficiency of these clinical departments in 2023 were evaluated by DEA Banker-Charnes-Cooper (BCC) model. Finally, TOPSIS was applied to analyze the realistic extent to which the amount of slack in non-DEA efficient departments could be improved. Results The DEA-Malmquist index showed that 26 of the 40 clinical departments had a total factor productivity of less than 1, which was attributed to technological lag. 17 of the 26 clinical departments with a Malmquist index of < 1 remained ineffective for non-DEA in 2023. The TOPSIS model rankings showed that the top five departments to be improved were the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), First Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, First Department of Bone and Joint, and Department of Gastroenterology. Conclusion At present, the efficiency of bed allocation in TCM hospitals is generally showing a downward trend, with obvious technological lagging constraints, over-input and under-output of bed resources co-existing, and the efficiency of bed resource allocation in more than half of the clinical departments needs to be further improved. The overall bed allocation efficiency, vigorous development of specialist construction, technical progress of non-TCM departments, and the balanced development of each department should be further optimized in TCM hospitals.

Objective To analyze the opportunities and challenges faced by county-level maternal and child health hospitals during the construction of compact county medical communities and to explore pathways for promoting high-quality development of maternal and child health services at the county level. Methods A mixed-methods approach incorporating SWOT analysis was used to identify strategic directions, innovative service pathways, and response strategies for these hospitals. Results The studied hospital demonstrates clear strengths in gynecological specialty development and service quality. However, it faces internal weaknesses such as insufficient talent development, alongside external threats including intensifying competition, uncertainties arising from healthcare insurance policy adjustments, and the rapid advancement of new technologies. External opportunities were also identified, such as support from local governments and growing market demand. Conclusion Since the initiation of the medical community construction, progress and challenges have been present simultaneously. Recommendations include accelerating the integrated development of compact county medical communities, promoting the hospital's experience in "consolidating the three-tier maternal and child health network and facilitating tiered healthcare delivery," establishing a smart "Internet Plus Maternal and Child Health" service model, and innovating talent recruitment and development mechanisms with a focus on disciplinary development.

Objective To investigate the current status of medical ethics review in a hospital, analyze its practical challenges, and propose strategies for quality improvement. Methods We reviewed institutional documents on medical ethics review, analyzed data from 617 ethical review projects between 2021 and 2024, and conducted a questionnaire survey to 254 medical staff to identify key issues. Results Deficiencies were identified in several areas: the regulatory and institutional framework, organizational development and review capacity of the ethics committee, review efficiency and quality, and the review application process. Conclusion To improve the quality of medical ethics review, medical institutions should take comprehensive measures to refine the review system, strengthen the organizational capacity of ethics committees, enhance review quality and efficiency, strengthen ethics training, and promote the information technology application.

Objective To analyze the current situation of high rates leukemia DRG cases in a certain hematology hospital, and provide more optimized solutions for targeted cost control, reducing patients' medical burden, and promoting the rational use of medical insurance funds for high rates cases. Methods Leukemia cases discharged from a blood disease specialist hospital in Tianjin from April 1, 2024 to April 1, 2025 were extracted, and patient data paid according to the high-cost case payment standard were screened. Their basic information was analyzed, and the grey correlation analysis method was used to analyze the correlation between each sub item cost of high-cost cases and the total hospitalization cost. At the same time, typical cases were selected for key analysis. Results In the 2024 agreement year, the hospital settled a total of 7,256 cases according to DRG, of which 335 cases were paid according to high-cost cases, accounting for 4.62 % of the total cases. Grey correlation analysis found that the overall drug cost and total hospitalization cost of high-cost cases had the highest correlation. Among the top 12 high-cost DRG groups with the highest number of cases, 6 DRG groups had the strongest correlation between drug cost and hospitalization cost, 4 DRG groups had the strongest correlation between examination cost and hospitalization cost, and 2 DRG groups had the strongest correlation between treatment cost and hospitalization cost. Conclusion The correlation between drug costs, examination costs, treatment costs, and the total cost of high incidence cases is the highest, which is the key to controlling the cost of high incidence cases of leukemia DRG. Optimizing clinical diagnosis and treatment, improving medical insurance payment policies, and strengthening hospital management are effective strategies for addressing high rates of cases.

Recently, the National Health Commission and five other ministries jointly issued a document to launch a one-year special rectification campaign against "black ambulances". Against this backdrop, this paper first analyzes the hazards and causes of "black ambulances", and then, based on the principle of addressing both symptoms and root causes, explores the significance and construction ideas for scientifically building a non-emergency medical transfer service system covering the whole country from six aspects: institutional setup, scientific development, professional division, standardized services, professional ethics, and fee standards, aiming to provide references for eliminating the phenomenon of "black ambulances".

High-level professionals are crucial for driving the high-quality development of public hospitals. Under the requirements of developing new-quality productive forces, and faced with institutional restructuring and a new landscape of talent competition brought by the 2025 island-wide customs closure of the Hainan Free Trade Port, public hospitals urgently need to optimize their talent recruitment mechanisms, research platforms, and incentive systems. Guided by this paradigm and addressing current challenges such as talent shortages, structural imbalances, and insufficient incentives, this study proposes pathway recommendations in four key areas: talent system construction, evaluation and incentive reform, research environment enhancement, and management system optimization. It emphasizes building a quality-oriented talent recruitment system, strengthening multi-dimensional support mechanisms, and improving talent aggregation and utilization efficiency, to provide human resource support for regional medical service innovation and institutional openness.

Objective This study aims to systematically review China's national policies concerning the construction of township health centers (THCs), clarify their quantitative construction standards and core development logic, and propose directions for future policy optimization in response to existing challenges. Methods By systematically reviewing relevant policy documents and employing quantitative analysis, this research analyzes key indicators of THC construction requirements, including bed capacity and allocation ratios. Based on this analysis, it explores the developmental pathway and practical difficulties of THCs. Results A multidimensional quantitative standard system for THCs in China has been established, which specifically regulates key parameters such as bed capacity ( ≤100 beds per facility) and bed allocation ratio (0.6~1.2 beds per thousand population). Future development should focus on digital upgrading and the integration of medical care with disease prevention (i.e., "medical-preventive integration"). However, significant challenges persist, including regional disparities, a shortage of qualified personnel, and insufficient operational feasibility of certain quantitative indicators. Conclusion To strengthen the three-tier rural healthcare network, policymaking should transition towards a "targeted" approach. This involves implementing differentiated management and dynamic adjustment mechanisms and shifting the evaluation system from a primary reliance on quantitative metrics towards an emphasis on improving service quality.

This updated consensus building on the 2021 edition, incorporates recent policies and regulations, new evidence from domestic and international literature, and accumulated clinical experience to further refine the FSMP clinical governance framework. It recommends that healthcare institutions establish FSMP management committees and implement end-to-end systems encompassing access criteria, logistics and storage, formulation management, information management, pricing and fee management, informed consent, prescription review, and adverse reaction surveillance. Clinical application should adhere to a standardized pathway—nutritional screening, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment— while ensuring appropriate selection of oral or enteral (tube) routes, routine clinical monitoring, and complication prevention. By advancing the standardization and digitalization of FSMP management in healthcare settings, this consensus aims to improve safety and effectiveness in clinical practice, shorten rehabilitation timelines, reduce healthcare burden, and facilitate high-quality clinical translation.

Objective To systematically reveal the structural characteristics and tool-stage adaptability issues of health education policies for Chinese residents from a full life-cycle perspective, thus providing theoretical support for optimizing the health governance system. Methods Based on policy tools theory, this study employed policy content analysis to systematically review national-level health education policy documents issued between 2016 and 2024. It quantitatively analyzed the types of policy tools used, their distribution, and their coverage across life-cycle stages. Results Health education policies in China exhibited a structurally imbalanced pattern, characterized by an overreliance on environmental tools, and an absence phenomenon of supply-side and demand-side tools. Although policy interventions and tool combinations across different life-cycle stages show a degree of dynamic alignment with stage- specific health risks, problems like tool-stage mismatch, insufficient coordination, and a lack of evaluation mechanisms persisted. Conclusion It is recommended to balance the structure and application ratio of policy tools, improve the health education policy system across all life-cycle stages, enhance the coordination and implementation mechanisms of stage-specific policy tools, and establish a life- cycle-oriented evaluation and feedback mechanism, thus promoting the overall advancement of the Healthy China strategy.

Objective To assess the impact of the diagnosis‑intervention packet (DIP) payment model on operational management in public hospitals and to identify corresponding countermeasures, thereby informing broader implementation and policy making. Methods At a public hospital in Putuo District, Shanghai, we established a three‑tier management structure, strengthened institutional policies, built a big‑data center, and specified disease groupings and weights to operationalize DIP‑based insurance payment management. We compiled operational data from 2020 to 2024 and conducted a longitudinal pre‑/post‑implementation comparison within the hospital, complemented by a cross‑sectional benchmark against four peer public hospitals in central Shanghai that had implemented DIP measures in 2024. Results Following DIP implementation, the hospital's case mix index (CMI) increased steadily over four years, and the proportion of Grade III or higher surgeries rose overall. In 2024, both the index unit price deviation (2.01%) and the initial payment rate (98.17%) outperformed those of the four peer hospitals, indicating notable cost‑containment effectiveness. Conclusion Public hospitals should strengthen disease‑category management, refine supporting policies and oversight mechanisms, and coordinate information platform development to optimize the DIP payment model and advance cost containment in an orderly manner.

Objective To systematically characterize the routine operating cost structure, workload, and economic performance of a medical cyclotron and to inform operational optimization and investment decisions for new cyclotron centers. Methods We applied activity‑based costing (ABC) to structurally decompose cyclotron operating costs and identify optimization levers. Using a cost-volume-profit (CVP) framework, we estimated break‑even points and per‑batch breakeven prices under varying workloads and evaluated the economics of producing 18F‑FDG across different operational stages. Results The average annual total production costs were 9.581 5±0.910 1 million CNY in years 1–3, 11.265 0±0.910 1 million CNY in years 4~8, and 6.004 0±0.910 1 million CNY from year 9 onward; fixed costs accounted for 68.34%, 72.33%, and 52.43%, respectively. Increases in variable costs with additional production batches were driven predominantly by medical consumables, comprising 90.72% of incremental costs. Under a single‑batch production scenario, the break‑even points were 8,672, 10,355, and 5,094 examinations per year for the three stages, respectively. As PET/CT daily throughput rose from 20 to 70 examinations, the per‑vial breakeven price of 18F‑FDG declined by 71.43%, and return on investment (ROI) increased from −9.18%, −13.39%, and −0.23% to 22.07%, 17.86%, and 31.02% across the three stages. Conclusion Medical cyclotrons are characterized by high operating costs and often face a mismatch between single‑center demand and installed capacity. Regional sharing of radiopharmaceuticals or coordinated supply across multiple PET/CT scanners can improve utilization. Policy‑level dynamic pricing mechanisms that cover full life‑cycle costs are recommended to ease cost pressures and support sustainable operations.

Objective To analyze the research development strategies for tertiary public hospitals based on the PEST ( political, economic, social, technological)-SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) model. Methods Taking a city-level tertiary comprehensive hospital as the research object, a PEST-SWOT matrix analysis model was established through literature review, expert consultation, integrated with the actual situation of the hospital, and based on the performance evaluation results of tertiary public hospitals from 2021 to 2023 and the overall monitoring situation nationwide. Internal and external strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats were then analyzed. Results The scientific and technological innovation development of this tertiary public hospital had strengths and opportunities in the policy support from hospital leaders, innovative scientific research management systems, hospital investment in scientific research funds, and disciplinary characteristics. However, significant challenges existed in high-level talent teams, information technology construction level, and industry competition. Conclusion It is necessary to leverage own advantages and potential, focus on addressing own shortcomings and weak links, and comprehensively promote the development of scientific and technological innovation from the aspects of medical-research collaboration, discipline layout, high-level talent cultivation, and information technology development.

Objective To build a diagnosis-related groups (DRG)-anchored clinical standards framework that increases within- group care homogeneity and drives quality and efficiency gains. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 152 cases assigned to DRG group JB25 in 2024. Guided by evidence-based medicine and expert consensus, we designed standardized clinical pathways and implementation plans. Results The hospital implemented within-DRG standardization across four domains: diagnostic and therapeutic items, length of stay, drug utilization and spending, and medical consumables management. Conclusion Within-DRG standardization helps normalize clinical practice, curb unnecessary costs, and safeguard care quality and patient safety.

Objective To analyze the content of 29 provincial-level family doctor contract service policies in China, and to summarize their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages, thus providing suggestions for optimizing provincial-level family doctor policies to better play the role of family doctors as gatekeepers of residents' health. Methods Starting from the perspectives of policy tool theory and policy function, a two-dimensional analysis framework was established to quantitatively study and analyze 29 provincial-level family doctor policy texts from January 2016 to March 2025. The data analysis software Nvivo12.0plus was used to design three-level nodes and complete coding. Results Command and regulatory tools accounted for the majority (45.46%), but system change (7.27%) and incentives (11.21%) were scant, suggesting a room to improve policy operability needs. The policies of most provinces were repetitions or decompositions of central policies, lacking local characteristics or innovation. Information technologies accelerated the implementation of empowerment systems (33.00%), and the role of health management was prominent (14.48%), although the incentive mechanism was imperfect. The direct matching between policy tools and policy functions was relatively partial and one-sided. Conclusion It is recommended to reduce command-based policy tools, establish and improve laws and regulations, and enhance the operability of policies. In addition, it is important to strengthen policy innovation, make up for shortcomings based on local realities, and leverage advantages. Strengthening systematic construction, enhancing talent support, and improving incentive mechanisms are crucial. An optimization of the combination of policy functions and policy tools is warranted.

Objective To address the lack of systematic theoretical guidance for public hospitals' high-quality development during the 15th Five-Year Plan period, this study analyzes the core governance paradoxes and constructs an integrated framework for governance reconstruction and practical pathways. Methods Combining theoretical analysis with case studies, we integrate institutional theory, new public management, and collaborative governance to propose the core construct of "dynamic capabilities" and an integrated strategic model. Results Findings reveal that the primary dilemma facing public hospitals is a systemic misalignment between external governance systems and internal operational mechanisms. Cultivating organizational dynamic capabilities is key to high-quality development, enabling effective management of inherent tensions across four strategic domains: Clinical leadership, technological innovation, public health coordination, and modernized governance. The study distills five practical pathways rooted in coordinated reform of the three medical sectors ("three medical linkage"). Conclusion High-quality development of public hospitals requires governance reconstruction. Systemic reforms must create an enabling institutional environment for developing hospitals' dynamic capabilities, facilitating a fundamental shift from scale expansion to value creation.